All Issue

2025 Vol.21, Issue 2 Preview Page

Original Article

A Study on the Factors Affecting ATPV in Determining the Arc Rating of Personal Protective Equipment

개인보호장비의 아크등급을 결정하는 ATPV에 영향을 미치는 요인에 대한 연구

김재춘1ㆍ이경복2ㆍ노광현3*

Jaechun Kim1, Kyungbok Lee2, Kwanghyun Ro3*

1Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Smart Convergence Consulting, Hansung University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
2Assistant Professor, Department of Future Mobility, Hansung University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
3Professor, Department of Applied Artificial Intelligence, Hansung University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
30 June 2025. pp. 390-410
PDF Citation
Abstract
Purpose: This study purposes to analyze the factors affecting the arc rating of personal protective equipment and the effect of these factors on the determination of arc thermal performance value(ATPV) in arc flash tests. Method: Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) method was used to simplify the complex relationships among individual variables such as environmental conditions(Duration Time, Duration Cycle), electrical conditions(ARC Voltage, Current Total RMS), and peak conditions(ARC Voltage Peak, Peak Current), and to group them into high-dimensional secondary latent variables to increase the validity of the concept and clearly verify the research hypothesis. Result: ARC energy acts as an important parameter affecting the Heat Attenuation Factor(HAF), Stoll Curve Deviation(SCD), and ultimately the ATPV. Among the relationships among the examined variables, the incident energy showed a moderating effect between ARC Energy and ATPV, and it was confirmed that the incident energy had an indirect effect through the interaction of ARC energy and HAF and SCD in determining the ATPV value. Conclusion: The need for continuous technological development of PPE to protect workers from arc flash and prediction of arc flash accidents is raised, and furthermore, it is suggested that selection of appropriate PPE, continuous safety education, and establishment of a solid safety culture are essential for the safety of workers in industrial sites.
Keywords
ARC Flash
PPE
ATPV
Incident Energy
HAF
SCD
연구목적: 본 연구는 개인보호장비의 아크등급에 영향을 미치는 요인과 이러한 요인이 아크 플래시 테스트에서 아크열적 성능값(ATPV) 결정에 미치는 영향을 분석하는 것을 목표로 한다. 연구방법: 부분최소제곱 구조방정식 모델링(PLS-SEM)의 연구방법을 사용하여 환경 조건(Duration Time, Duration Cycle), 전기 조건(ARC Voltage, Current Total RMS), 피크 조건(ARC Voltage Peak, Peak Current)과 같은 개별 변수간의 복잡한 관계를 단순화 하고 개념의 타당성을 높이며 연구가설을 명확하게 검증하기 위하여 고차원의 이차 잠재 변수로 그룹화하여 연구의 타당성을 높이고 연구가설을 명확히 하였다. 연구결과: ARC 에너지는 HAF(Heat Attenuation Factor), SCD(Stoll Curve Deviation), 궁극적으로 ATPV에 영향을 미치는 중요한 매개 변수로 작용한다는 것이 확인되었다. 검토된 변수들 간의 관계 중에서 입사에너지(Incident Energy)는 ARC Energy와 ATPV 사이에서 조절 효과를 보였으며, ARC 에너지가 HAF와 SCD를 통해서 ATPV 등급을 결정하는데 입사에너지가 상호작용을 통한 간접적인 영향을 확인하였다. 결론: 아크 플래시로부터 작업자를 보호를 위한 PPE의 지속적인 기술개발과 아크플래시 사고예측의 필요성을 제기하고 있으며, 더 나아가 산업현장에서 근로자의 안전을 위해 적절한 PPE의 선택과 지속적 안전교육, 견고한 안전문화의 확립이 필수적임을 제안한다.
키워드
아크플래시
개인보호장비
아크열적 성능 값
입사에너지
열감쇄 계수
화상임계편차
References
  1. ABB Inc. (n.d.). Arc Flash Hazards. Low Voltage Selectivity with ABB Circuit Breakers. Retrieved from www.abb.com/lowvoltage
  2. AITEX Textile Research Institute (2018a). Test Report, No2018EP1313. TEXTIL COHEN Y GOMBEROFF LTDA. Retrieved from https://texcosafe.com
  3. AITEX Textile Research Institute (2018b). Test Report, No2018US0187. OBERON, PARAMOUNT GROUP. Retrieved from https://oberoncompany.com
  4. AITEX Textile Research Institute (2019). Test Report, No2019EP3144. ARITEXS BOYACCILIK TICATET VE SANAYI AS. Retrieved from https://en.ariteks.net
  5. AITEX Textile Research Institute (2020a). Test Report, 2020EP2855. BULLET STOPPER. Retrieved from https://bulletstopper.com.ar
  6. AITEX Textile Research Institute (2020b). Test Report, 2020EP2856. BULLET STOPPER. Retrieved from https://bulletstopper.com.ar
  7. AITEX Textile Research Institute (2021a). Test Report, 2021EP0528. ARITEXS BOYACCILIK TICATET VE SANAYI AS. Retrieved from https://en.ariteks.net
  8. AITEX Textile Research Institute (2021b). Test Report, 2021EP1867. ARITEXS BOYACCILIK TICATET VE SANAYI AS. Retrieved from https://en.ariteks.net
  9. AITEX Textile Research Institute (2022a). Test Report, 2022EP2977. JK Glotech Co., Ltd. Retrieved from https://gaon5.com
  10. AITEX Textile Research Institute (2022b). Test Report, 2022EP2137. JK Glotech Co., Ltd. Retrieved from https://gaon5.com
  11. AITEX Textile Research Institute (2022c). Test Report, 2022EP2977. JK Glotech Co., Ltd. Retrieved from https://gaon5.com
  12. ASTM International (2013). Standard test method for determining the arc rating of materials for clothing (Designation: F1959/F1959M-12). ASTM International. Retrieved from https://www.astm.org
  13. ASTM International (2023). Standard Specification for Arc Rated Eye or Face Protective Products (F2178/F2178M-22). Retrieved from https://www.astm.org/f2178_f2178m-22.html.
  14. Australian Energy Council (2019). Electrical ARC Flash - Hazard Management Guideline. Retrieved from https://www.energycouncil.com.au
  15. Bae, E.S. (2019). A Study on Arc Flash Risk Analysis and Safety Equipment Test Evaluation in Low Voltage Electrical Work. Ph D. Dissertation, Chungnam National University.
  16. Doan, D.R., Floyd, H.L., Neal, T.E. (2003). "Comparison of methods for selecting personal protective equipment for arc flash hazards." Fifty-First Annual Conference 2004 Petroleum and Chemical Industry Technical Conference(PCIC), San Francisco, pp. 963-967. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIA.2004.830796. 10.1109/TIA.2004.830796
  17. Doughty, R.L., Neal, T.E., Floyd, H.L. (1998). "Predicting incident energy to better manage the electric arc hazard on 600 V power distribution systems." IEEE Industry Applications Society 45th Annual Petroleum and Chemical Industry Conference, Indianapolis, pp. 329-346. https://doi.org/10.1109/PCICON.1998.728000. 10.1109/PCICON.1998.728000
  18. Graham, A.M., Hodder, M., Gates, G. (2008). "Current methods for conducting an arc-flash hazard analysis." IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Vol. 44, No. 6, pp. 1093-1099.
  19. Hair, J.F., Ringle, C.M., Sarstedt, M. (2011). "PLS-SEM: Indeed a silver bullet." The Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 139-151. 10.2753/MTP1069-6679190202
  20. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (2018). IEEE 1584: Guide for Performing Arc Flash Hazard Calculations. IEEE, New York, NY.
  21. Jang, Y. (2021). Effect of Traffic Volume and Commercial Area Indicators on the Spread of Infection in Seoul : Focused on the PLS-SEM (Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling). Master's thesis. The University of Seoul.
  22. Jeong, K.-O. (2024). "An analysis of research trends of domestic academic papers on the Serious Accident Punishment Act." Journal of the Society of Disaster Information, Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 871-878. https://doi.org/10.15683/kosdi.2024.12.31.871
  23. Jo, C.-H. (2023). "The effect of smart safety and health activities on workers' intended behavior." Journal of the Society of Disaster Information, Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 519-531.
  24. Kim, C.M., Kim, Y.S., Gil, H.J., Shong, K.M. (2015). "A study of method to reduce arc flash hazards." Journal of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers, Vol. 46, pp. 1523-1524.
  25. Kim, C.M., Shong, K.M., Bang, S.B., Kim, Y.S., Choi, M.i. (2012). "A study on necessary of arc-flash hazards analysis." Journal of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers, Summer Conference, Incheon, pp. 449-453.
  26. Kim, J.D. (2022). Risk Assessment and Mitigation Method for Arc Flash Hazard Cases using Power System Simulation. Master's Thesis, Seoul National University of Science and Technology.
  27. Kim, J.O., Kim, S.W. (2022). "A study on mitigation of injury by arc flash in electronic watt-hour meter work." The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers, Vol. 71, pp. 915-920. 10.5370/KIEE.2022.71.6.915
  28. Lee, B.H. (2020). A Study on the Electrical Safety Work by Arc Flash Risk Analysis of Incoming Panel. Master's Thesis. Inha University.
  29. Lee, J.J., Kim, C.J., Cha, I.H., Shin, M.C., Lee, B.K. (2002). "A study of electrical fire symptoms and detection algorithms in low-voltage distribution system." Journal of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers Summer Conference, Jeju, pp. 333-335.
  30. Lee. S.W. (2011). "ARC flash hazard analysis." Monthly Power Technician, October Issue, pp. 21-25.
  31. Lim, D.S. (2019). A Study on the Improvement of the Arc Flash Detection Based on Ultraviolet of a Specific Wavelength. Master's Thesis, Hanyang University.
  32. Lockovic, V. (n.d.). Arc Flash Calculation Methods. CDE Engineering. Retrieved from www.cedengineering.com
  33. National Fire Protection Association (2018). NFPA 70E: Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace (2018 ed.). National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA.
  34. Oh, C.S. (1994). "Three-way movement to improve electricity quality for the advancement of the electric power industry." Monthly Electrical Engineering, September Issue, pp. 9-12.
  35. Ramirex-Bettoni, E., Eblen, M.L., Nemeth, B. (2024). "Analysis of live work accidents in overhead power lines and other electrical systems between 2020-2022." In IEEE Electrical Safety Workshop, Tucson, pp. 124-128. 10.1109/ESW52258.2024.10752775
  36. Rossi, R.M., Bolli, W. Stämpfli, R. (2008). "Performance of firefighters' protective clothing after heat exposure." International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 55-60. 10.1080/10803548.2008.11076747 18394326
  37. Shin, D.Y., Yoon, J.Y., Lee, D.Y., Bae, E.S. (2018). "Analysis of the Safety rate for the Working Distance from the hazard of Arc Flash." Journal of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers, Vol. 49, pp. 1327-1329.
  38. Stokes, A.D., Sweeting, D.K. (2004). "Electric arcing burn hazards." Petroleum and Chemical Industry Conference (PCIC), San Francisco, pp. 351-359. https://doi.org/10.1109/PCICON.2004.1352821. 10.1109/PCICON.2004.1352821
  39. Technical Information of the Korean Electrical Engineers Association (1992). "Arc types and applications." Monthly Electrical Engineering, July Issue, pp. 31-36.
  40. Tong, Q., Gemay, T. (2023). Arc Flash Incidents in Non-Residential Buildings: Data Analysis. Schneider Electric USA, Technical Report, Schneider Electric SE, https://www.se.com/us/en.
  41. Vähämäki, O.J. (n.d.). Arc Protection Integrated in Protection Relays. VAMP Ltd. Retrieved from http://www.cigaproject.ch/
  42. Valdes, M.E., Karandikar, H., LaFond, M., Webb, J. (2023). "Arc-resistant equipment - A risk control perspective." In IEEE Electrical Safety Workshop, Reno, pp. 139-148. 10.1109/ESW49992.2023.10188357
  43. Walsh, P.R. (2008). Calculating Arc Flash Hazard. Pure Power Winter 2008, Ferraz Shawmut Inc., pp. 10-12, www.purepowermagazine.com.
  44. Wi, K.B., Lee, D.Z., Park, K.W. (2014). "Detection technology for arc flash in switchboard." Journal of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers Summer Conference, Pyeongchang, pp. 424-425.
  45. Wu, H., Li, X. (2006). "Calculation of maximum arc energy for low voltage power systems." 2006 IEEE Power Systems Conference and Exposition (PSCE),San Francisco, CA, pp.1627-1630. 10.1109/PSCE.2006.296156
Information
  • Publisher :The Korean Society of Disaster Information
  • Publisher(Ko) :한국재난정보학회
  • Journal Title :Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
  • Journal Title(Ko) :한국재난정보학회논문집
  • Volume : 21
  • No :2
  • Pages :390-410
  • DOI :https://doi.org/10.15683/kosdi.2025.6.30.390
Journal Informaiton Journal of the Society of Disaster Information Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
  • NRF
  • KISTI Current Status
  • KISTI Cited-by
  • crosscheck
  • orcid
  • open access
  • ccl
Journal Informaiton Journal Informaiton - close