All Issue

2026 Vol.22, Issue 2 Preview Page

Original Article

Identifying the Direction of Changes in the Characteristics of Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) in Urban Core Areas

도심지 범죄예방 환경설계(CPTED)의 특성 변화와 발전 방향에 관한 연구

김예성1ㆍ성주희2ㆍ문유미3*

Yesung Kim1, Joo Hee Sung2, Yu Mi Moon3*

1Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Construction Safety Engineering, Kyonggi University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
2Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Construction Safety Engineering, Kyonggi University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
3Visiting Professor, General Graduate School, Kyonggi University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
30 June 2026. pp. 542-561
PDF Citation
Abstract
Purpose: This study aims to identify the application characteristics of CPTED in urban environments as the theory has evolved from a physical design-centered approach through social relationships and sustainability toward a data-driven intelligent management paradigm (fourth generation). Methods: A literature review was conducted to examine paradigm shifts and major research trends in CPTED. In addition, surveys and focus group interviews (FGIs) were carried out with experts possessing practical experience in urban CPTED. Results: The findings indicate that early CPTED primarily focused on physical elements such as natural surveillance; however, it has gradually evolved into an integrated framework encompassing spatial usage patterns, management and operational strategies, and GIS- and AI-based analytical technologies. In particular, expert perception analysis empirically confirmed a causal mechanism in which incivility cues generated by urban spatial structures amplify residents’ fear of crime. As an alternative response, the importance of data-driven monitoring and maintenance was identified. Conclusion: Urban CPTED should move beyond the simple installation of physical facilities and evolve into an intelligent integrated safety management framework (fourth generation) in which design, psychology, technology, and data are interconnected. The findings of this study can serve as both a theoretical and practical foundation for the future development and application of CPTED.
Keywords
CPTED
Characteristic Change
Development Direction
Focus Group Interview (FGI)
CCTV and Technology-based Systems
연구목적: CPTED 이론이 물리적 설계 중심에서 사회적 관계와 지속가능성을 거쳐 데이터 기반의 지능형 관리 패러다임(4세대)으로 확장되는 과정 속에서 도심지 적용 특성을 규명하는 데 있다. 연구방법: CPTED 이론의 패러다임 전환과 주요 연구 동향을 문헌분석을 통해 검토하고, 도심지 CPTED 실무 경험을 보유한 전문가를 대상으로 설문 및 FGI를 실시하였다. 연구결과: 초기 CPTED는 자연적 감시 등 물리적 요소 중심이었으나, 점차 공간 이용 패턴, 관리·운영, GIS 및 AI 기반의 분석 기술을 포함하는 통합적 체계로 진화해 왔음을 확인하였다. 특히 전문가 인식 분석을 통해 도시공간구조가 유발하는 무질서 신호(Incivility)가 주민의 범죄 두려움을 증폭시키는 연쇄 구조를 실증하였으며, 이에 대한 대안으로 데이터 기반의 모니터링 및 유지관리의 중요성을 도출하였다. 결론: 도심지 CPTED는 단순한 시설물 설치를 넘어, 설계-심리-기술-데이터가 연계된 지능형 통합 안전 관리 프레임워크(4세대)로 진화해야 하며, 본 연구는 이를 위한 이론적·실무적 기초 자료로 활용될 수 있다.
키워드
CPTED
특성변화
발전방향
FGI
CCTV 및 기술기반
References
  1. Annesi-Maesano, I., Baiz, N., Banerjee, S., Rudnai, P., Rive, S., SINPHONIE Group. (2013). “Indoor air quality and sources in schools and related health effects.” Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, Vol. 16, No. 8, pp. 491-550. https://doi.org/10.1080/10937404.2013.853609. 10.1080/10937404.2013.853609
  2. Architecture and Urban Research Institute (2015). Analysis of the Effects of CPTED Application and Policy Directions. Sejong.
  3. Atlas, R. (1999). “The alchemy of CPTED: Less magic, more science.” Proceedings of the 4th International CPTED Association Conference, City of Mississauga’s Living Arts Centre, Toronto, Canada, pp. 1-14.
  4. Bae, Y.-J., Lee, S.-H. (2015). “A case study on color-based CPTED in old downtown areas: Focused on Sogeum-gil in Yeomni-dong.” Journal of the Korean Society of Color Studies, Vol. 29, No. 3, pp. 5-13. 10.17289/jkscs.29.3.201508.5
  5. Brown, B.B., Perkins, D.D., Brown, G. (2004). “Incivilities, place attachment and crime: Block and individual effects.” Journal of Environmental Psychology, Vol. 24, No. 3, pp. 359-371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2004.01.001. 10.1016/j.jenvp.2004.01.001
  6. Casteel, C., Peek-Asa, C. (2000). “Effectiveness of crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) in reducing robberies.” American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 99-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-3797(00)00146-X. 10.1016/S0749-3797(00)00146-X
  7. Chang, D. (2011). Social Crime or Spatial Crime? Exploring the Effects of Social, Economical, and Spatial Factors on Burglary Rates. Environment and Behavior, Vol. 43, No. 1, pp. 26-52. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916509347728 10.1177/0013916509347728
  8. Cho, Y., Ahn, E., Park, S., Ko, Y., Kwon, O., Im, B., Lim, L., Kim, Y., Lee, J. (2024). Enhancing Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) and Improving the Crime Prevention Building Certification System. Architecture & Urban Research Institute, Sejong.
  9. Cho, Y.-J., Ahn, E.-S., Park, S.-N., Ko, Y.-H., Kwon, O.-K., Lim, B.-Y., Lim, M., Kim, Y.-J., Lee, J.-H. (2024). Enhancing CPTED and Crime Prevention Building Certification System. Architecture and Urban Research Institute (AURI), General Report 2024-2, Sejong.
  10. Clarke, R.V. (1983). “Situational crime prevention: Its theoretical basis and practical scope.” In Tonry, M., Morris, N. (Eds.), Crime and Justice: An Annual Review of Research. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, USA,Vol. 4, pp. 225-256. 10.1086/449090
  11. Clarke, R.V.(1997). Situational Crime Prevention: Successful Case Studies(2nd ed.). Harrow and Heston, Guilderland, NY.
  12. Cohen, L.E., Felson, M. (1979). “Social change and crime rate trends: A routine activity approach.” American Sociological Review, Vol. 44, No. 4, pp. 588-605. https://doi.org/10.2307/2094589. 10.2307/2094589
  13. Cozens, P., Love, T. (2015). “A review and current status of crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED).” Journal of Planning Literature, Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 393-412. https://doi.org/10.1177/0885412215595440. 10.1177/0885412215595440
  14. Cozens, P., Saville, G., Hillier, D. (2005). “Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED): A Review and Modern Bibliography.” Property Management, Vol. 23, pp. 328-356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02637470510631483. 10.1108/02637470510631483
  15. Cozens, P.M., Saville, G., Hillier, D. (2005). “Crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED): A review and modern bibliography.” Property Management, Vol. 23, No. 5, pp. 328-356. https://doi.org/10.1108/02637470510631483. 10.1108/02637470510631483
  16. Crowe, T.D., Zahm, D.L. (1994). “Crime prevention through environmental design.” Land Development, Fall 1994, pp. 22-27.
  17. Edelstein, M. R. (2002). “Contamination: The invisible built environment.” In Bechtel, R., Churchman, A. (Eds.), Handbook of Environmental Psychology (2nd ed.), Wiley, New York, NY, USA, pp. 559-588.
  18. Evans, G.W. (2003). “The built environment and mental health.” Journal of Urban Health, Vol. 80, No. 4, pp. 536-555. https://doi.org/10.1093/jurban/jtg063. 10.1093/jurban/jtg063 14709704 PMC3456225
  19. Farrall, S. (2004). “Revisiting crime surveys: Emotional responses without emotions? Or look back at anger.” International Journal of Social Research Methodology, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 157171. https://doi.org/10.1080/1304557021000024767. 10.1080/1304557021000024767
  20. Gu, H., Sui, J., Chen, P., Shan, M., Hou, X. (2025). “Safe or unsafe? A street-level analysis of the (Mis)match between perceived and objective safety in Chaoyang district, Beijing.” ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, Vol. 15, No. 1, 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi15010013. 10.3390/ijgi15010013
  21. Ha, H.-W., Kwon, Y.-H. (2016). Current Status and Challenges of Creating Safe Communities using Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED). National Assembly Research Service, Issue and Point Report No. 1158. Seoul.
  22. He, L., Páez, A., Liu, D. (2017). “Built environment and violent crime: An environmental audit approach using Google Street View.” Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, Vol. 66, pp. 83-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2017.08.001. 10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2017.08.001
  23. He, L., Zhang, X., Wang, Z. (2017). “Mining environmental property of crime through dual-view video analysis.” Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 574, pp. 756-766. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.117. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.117
  24. Heinze, J.E., Krusky-Morey, A., Vagi, K.J., Reischl, T.M., Franzen, S., Pruett, N.K., Cunningham, R.M., Zimmerman, M.A. (2018). “Busy streets theory: The effects of community-engaged greening on violence.” American Journal of Community Psychology, Vol. 62, No. 1-2, pp. 101-109. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajcp.12270. 10.1002/ajcp.12270 30216464 PMC6373470
  25. Jacobs, J. (1961). The Death and Life of Great American Cities. Vintage Books, New York. Korean translation by Yoo, K.-E. (2010). The Death and Life of Great American Cities, Greenbi Publishing, Seoul.
  26. Jeffery, C.R. (1971). Crime Prevention through Environmental Design. Sage, Beverly Hills, CA. 10.1177/000276427101400409
  27. Jeong, J.-Y., Park, H.-H., Jeon, H.-G. (2023). “An empirical analysis and improvement strategies for target-hardening CPTED projects in Incheon.” Korean Police Studies Review, Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 217-240. https://doi.org/10.38084/2023.22.1.9. 10.38084/2023.22.1.9
  28. Kim, D.-H., Jang, Y.-Y., Lee, S.-H. (2018). “Analysis of CPTED elements related to crime using crime occurrence location data: A case study of the Garosu-gil area in Sinsa-dong, Seoul.” Journal of the Korean Housing Association, Vol. 16, No. 4, pp. 13-27. https://doi.org/10.22313/reik.2018.16.4.13. 10.22313/reik.2018.16.4.13
  29. Kim, S., Choi, J., Kang, Y. (2025). “Modeling and explaining perceived fear of crime from street view imagery using a GeoAI framework.” ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, Vol. 15, No. 1, 18. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi15010018. 10.3390/ijgi15010018
  30. Krulicová, E. (2019). “The relationship between fear of crime and risk perception across Europe.” Criminology and Criminal Justice, Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 197-214. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748895818757832. 10.1177/1748895818757832
  31. Kuo, F., Sullivan, W. (2001). “Environment and crime in the city: Does vegetation reduce crime?” Environment and Behavior, Vol. 33, No. 3, pp. 343-367. https://doi.org/10.1177/00139160121973025. 10.1177/00139160121973025
  32. Kuo, F.E., Bacaicoa, M., Sullivan, W.C. (1998). “Transforming inner-city landscapes: Trees, sense of safety, and preference.” Environment and Behavior, Vol. 30, No. 1, pp. 28-59. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916598301002. 10.1177/0013916598301002
  33. Lewis, D., Maxfield, M. (1980). “Fear in the neighborhoods: An investigation of the impact of crime.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 160-189. https://doi.org/10.1177/002242788001700203. 10.1177/002242788001700203
  34. Matzopoulos, R., Bloch, K., Lloyd, S., Berens, C., Bowman, B., Myers, J., Thompson, M.L. (2020). “Urban upgrading and levels of interpersonal violence in Cape Town, South Africa.” Social Science & Medicine, Vol. 255, 112978. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.112978. 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.112978
  35. Mihinjač, M., Saville, G. (2019). “Third-generation crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED).” Social Sciences, Vol. 8, No. 6, 182. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci8060182. 10.3390/socsci8060182
  36. Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (2021). Crime Prevention Building Design Standards. MOLIT Notification No. 2021-930, Sejong.
  37. Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (2021). Notice on Crime Prevention Building Standards. MOLIT Notice No. 2021-930, Sejong.
  38. National Police Agency (2024). Crime occurrence location statistics (DT_132004_A031). Korean Statistical Information Service (KOSIS). Retrieved from https://kosis.kr/statHtml/statHtml.do?orgId=132&tblId=DT_132004_A031
  39. Newman, O. (1972). Defensible Space: Crime Prevention through Urban Design. Macmillan, New York, NY.
  40. Noh, S.M. (2018). A Study on Construction of Virtual Reality Space and the Measurement of Psychological Anxiety for the Application of the Crime Prevention Environment Design Simulation. Master’s Thesis, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Seoul National University.
  41. Park, J.-H., Kim, M.-S., Jung, E.-Y. (2022). “An analysis of crime reduction effects of CPTED projects in Seoul: A GIS-based approach.” Journal of the Urban Design Institute of Korea, Vol. 23, No. 4, pp. 55-68.
  42. Patino, L., Cane, T., Vallee, A., Ferryman, J. (2016). “PETS 2016: Dataset and challenge.” Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) Workshops, Las Vegas, NV, USA, pp. 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1109/CVPRW.2016.157 10.1109/CVPRW.2016.157
  43. Rashid, M., Zimring, C. (2008). “A review of the empirical literature on the relationships between indoor environment and stress.” Environment and Behavior, Vol. 40, No. 2, pp. 151-190. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916507311550. 10.1177/0013916507311550
  44. Rupp, L.A., Bhatia, S., Lee, D.B., Wyatt, R.. Bushman, G., Wyatt, T.A., Pizarro, J.M., Wixom, C., Zimmerman, M.A., Reischl, T.M. (2025). “Community‐engaged crime prevention through environmental design and reductions in violent and firearm crime.” American Journal of Community Psychology, Vol. 76, pp. 94-109. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajcp.12802. 10.1002/ajcp.12802 40100787 PMC12404146
  45. Sas, M., Snaphaan, T., Pauwels, L., Ponnet, K., Hardyns, W. (2022). “Using systematic social observations to measure crime prevention through environmental design and disorder: In-situ observations, photographs, and google street view imagery.” Field Methods, Vol. 35, No. 2, pp. 117-136. https://doi.org/10.1177/1525822X221074768 10.1177/1525822X221074768
  46. Saville, G., Cleveland, G. (2008). “Second-generation CPTED: The rise and fall of opportunity theory.” In Atlas, R.I. (Ed.), 21st Century Security and CPTED: Designing for Critical Infrastructure Protection and Crime Prevention (1st ed.), Auerbach Publications, Boca Raton, FL, USA, p. 12.
  47. Seo, S., Lee, Y., Park, H., Chae, M., Lee, K. (2018). “A time-series analysis of the effects of crime prevention environmental improvement projects: Focusing on the Wonsung-dong case in Cheonan City.” Journal of Korea Planning Association, Vol. 98, pp. 37-62. https://doi.org/10.15793/kspr.2018.98..005. 10.15793/kspr.2018.98..005
  48. Seo, Y.-J. (2013). A Study on the Characteristics of Crime Locations using Space Syntax. Master’s Thesis, Graduate School of Urban Sciences, University of Seoul.
  49. Seoul Metropolitan Government (2013). Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) Guidelines. Seoul.
  50. Sohn, D.-W. (2016). “Do all commercial land uses deteriorate neighborhood safety? Examining the relationship between commercial land-use mix and residential burglary.” Habitat International, Vol. 55, pp. 148-158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2016.03.007. 10.1016/j.habitatint.2016.03.007
  51. Stucky, T.D., Ottensmann, J.R. (2009). “Land use and violent crime.” Criminology, Vol. 47, No. 4, pp. 1223-1264. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2009.00174.x. 10.1111/j.1745-9125.2009.00174.x
  52. Su, N., Li, W., Qiu, W. (2023). “Measuring the associations between eye-level urban design quality and on-street crime density around New York subway entrances.” Habitat International, Vol. 131, 102728. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2022.102728. 10.1016/j.habitatint.2022.102728
  53. Su, N., Zhang, X., Lin, Y. (2023). “Deep learning for visual quality assessment of urban streetscapes.” Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, Vol. 100, 101915. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2022.101915. 10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2022.101915
  54. Taylor, R.B., Gottfredson, S.D., Brower, S.N. (1984). “Block crime and fear: Defensible space, local social ties, and territorial functioning.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, Vol. 21, No. 4, pp. 303-331. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427884021004003. 10.1177/0022427884021004003
  55. Wen, Y., Qi, H., Long, T., Zhang X. (2024). “Designed for safety: characteristics and trends in crime prevention through environmental design research. Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering, Vol. 24, No. 4, pp. 3108-3126. https://doi.org/10.1080/13467581.2024.2366823 10.1080/13467581.2024.2366823
  56. Wilcox, P., Madensen, T.D., Tillyer, M.S. (2007). “Guardianship in context: Implications for burglary victimization risk and prevention.” Criminology, Vol. 45, No. 4, pp. 771-803. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2007.00094.x. 10.1111/j.1745-9125.2007.00094.x
  57. Wilson, J.Q., Kelling, G.L. (1982). “Broken windows: The police and neighborhood safety.” The Atlantic Monthly, Vol. 249, No. 3, pp. 29-38.
  58. Wilson, J.Q., Kelling, G.L. (1982). “Broken windows: The police and neighborhood safety.” The Atlantic Monthly, Vol. 249, No. 3, pp. 29-38.
  59. Wo, J.C. (2019). “Mixed land use and neighborhood crime.” Social Science Research, Vol. 78, pp. 170-186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2018.12.010. 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2018.12.010
  60. Wortley, R., Mazerolle, L. (2008). Environmental Criminology and Crime Analysis(Crime Science Series). Willan Publishing, Cullompton, Devon, UK.
  61. Wyant, B.R. (2008). “Multilevel impacts of perceived incivilities and perceptions of crime risk on fear of crime.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, Vol. 45, No. 1, pp. 39-64. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427807309440. 10.1177/0022427807309440
  62. Zeng, M., Mao, Y., Wang, C. (2021). “The relationship between street environment and street crime: A case study of Pudong New Area, Shanghai, China.” Cities, Vol. 112, 103143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2021.103143. 10.1016/j.cities.2021.103143
  63. Zhao, J., Lawton, B., Longmire, D.R. (2015). “An examination of the micro-level crime-fear of crime link.” Crime and Delinquency, Vol. 61, No. 1, pp. 19-44. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128710386203. 10.1177/0011128710386203
Information
  • Publisher :The Korean Society of Disaster Information
  • Publisher(Ko) :한국재난정보학회
  • Journal Title :Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
  • Journal Title(Ko) :한국재난정보학회논문집
  • Volume : 22
  • No :2
  • Pages :542-561
  • DOI :https://doi.org/10.15683/kosdi.2026.6.30.542
Journal Informaiton Journal of the Society of Disaster Information Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
  • NRF
  • KISTI Current Status
  • KISTI Cited-by
  • crosscheck
  • orcid
  • open access
  • ccl
Journal Informaiton Journal Informaiton - close