Analysis of Door Operation Forces under Air Egress Velocity Conditions

doi:10.15683/kosdi.2026.9.30.862

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2026 Vol.22, Issue 3 Preview Page Next Page

Original Article

Analysis of Door Operation Forces under Air Egress Velocity Conditions 방연풍속이 출입문 개폐에 미치는 힘에 관한 연구: 송학¹ㆍ한용택²ㆍ김일영³*
Haak Song¹, Yong-Taek Han², Il-Young Kim³*; ¹PhD Student, Department of Fire and Disaster Protection Engineering, Hoseo University. Asan, Republic of Korea
²Professor, Department of Fire and Disaster Protection Engineering, Hoseo University. Asan, Republic of Korea
³President, City & Human, Anyang, Republic of Korea

30 September 2026. pp. 862-872

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Abstract

Purpose: The effects of air egress velocity on the opening and closing characteristics of fire doors in pressurized smoke-control systems were investigated in this study. Existing studies have mainly focused on door opening force caused by differential pressure, while quantitative analysis of air-induced closing moments has been limited. Method: A theoretical model was developed by considering the door opening angle, effective opening area, air egress velocity, and dynamic pressure under constant airflow conditions. Numerical analysis was performed for various door sizes and air egress velocities. Result: The results showed that the air-induced moment increased rapidly as the door opening angle decreased, particularly below 5°. Larger doors and higher air egress velocities significantly increased closing resistance, and some conditions exceeded the KS Grade 5 door closer performance criteria. Conclusion: It was confirmed that excessive air egress velocity can interfere with proper fire door closing performance. Therefore, air egress velocity, door dimensions, and door closer performance should be comprehensively considered in smoke-control system design.

Keywords

Air Egress Velocity

Fire Door

Door Closer

Air-induced Moment

Dynamic Pressure

Smoke Control System

연구목적: 본 연구는 특별피난계단 제연설비에서 방연풍속이 출입문의 개폐 특성에 미치는 영향을 분석하고자 하였다. 기존 연구는 주로 차압에 따른 출입문 개방력에 집중되어 있었으며, 방연풍속에 의한 공기력 모멘트에 대한 연구는 부족하였다. 연구방법: 출입문 개방각에 따른 문틈의 기하학적 변화와 유동 특성을 고려하여 유효 개구부 면적, 평균 유속 및 공기력 모멘트를 이론적으로 산정하였다. 또한 출입문 크기와 방연풍속 변화에 따른 수치해석을 수행하였다. 연구결과: 연구 결과, 출입문 개방각이 작아질수록 공기력 모멘트가 급격히 증가하였으며, 특히 5° 이하에서 비선형적으로 증가하는 특성을 보였다. 또한 출입문의 크기와 방연풍속이 증가할수록 출입문 폐쇄가 어려워지는 것으로 나타났으며, 일부 조건에서는 KS 5 등급 도어클로저 기준을 초과하였다. 결론: 방연풍속의 증가는 출입문의 안전한 폐쇄 성능과 상충될 수 있으며, 단순한 도어클로저 성능 상향만으로는 해결에 한계가 있음을 확인하였다. 따라서 제연설계 시 방연풍속, 출입문 크기 및 도어클로저 성능을 종합적으로 고려할 필요가 있다.

키워드

방연풍속

출입문

도어클로저

공기력 모멘트

동압

제연설비

References

Achakji, G.Y., Tamura, G.T. (1988). “Pressure drop characteristics of typical stairshafts in high-rise buildings.” ASHRAE Transactions, Vol. 94, No.1, pp. 1223-1237.
British Standards Institution (2022). Smoke and Heat Control Systems Specification for Pressure Differential Systems. BS EN 12101-6:2022, British Standards Institution, London, UK.
Klote, J.H. (1993). “Design of smoke control systems for areas of refuge.” ASHRAE Transactions, Vol. 99, No.2, pp. 793-807.
Klote, J.H., Milke, J.A., Turnbull, P.G., Kashef, A., Ferreira, M.J. (2012). Handbook of Smoke Control Engineering. ASHRAE, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Korean Agency for Technology and Standards (2023). KS F 2806 Standard test methods for checking floor-hinges and door-closers, Korean Standards Association, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
Korean Agency for Technology and Standards (2023). KS F 4505: Door Closers, Korean Standards Association, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
Lee J.O., Choi, C.S. (2012). “Study on the analysis of differential pressure of the access door for a smoke control zone and the effectiveness of the measurement criteria of its opening force.” Journal of Korean Institute of Fire Science & Engineering, Vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 24-30. 10.7731/KIFSE.2012.26.4.024
Lee, J.O., Choi, C.S. (2013). “Study on the assessment of the criteria on a door closer for the optimum design of the access door of a smoke control zone.” Journal of Korean Institute of Fire Science & Engineering, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp. 66-71. 10.7731/KIFSE.2013.27.3.066
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (2024). Regulation on the Standards for Evacuation and Fire-Resistant Construction of Buildings, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport, Sejong, Republic of Korea.
National Fire Protection Association (2024). Life Safety Code. NFPA 101, Quincy, MA, USA.
National Fire Protection Association (2024). Standard for Smoke-Control Systems. NFPA 92, Quincy, MA, USA.
National Fire Research Institute (2024). Fire Safety Standard for Smoke Control System in Stairwells and vestibules of Special Evacuation Staircases. NFTC 501A, National Fire Research Institute, Asan, Republic of Korea.
Park, S.M., An, B.K., Kim, M.K. (2009). “Study for Pressurized Smoke Control System.” Proceedings of 2009 Spring Annual Korean Institute of Fire Science & Engineering, Busan, Republic of Korea, pp. 118-124.
Spanish Association for Standardization (2022). Smoke and Heat Control Systems - Part 13: Pressure Differential Systems (PDS) - Design and Calculation Methods, Installation, Acceptance Testing, Routine Testing and Maintenance. UNE-EN 12101-13:2022, Asociación Española de Normalización (UNE), Madrid, Spain.

Information

Publisher :The Korean Society of Disaster Information
Publisher(Ko) :한국재난정보학회
Journal Title :Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
Journal Title(Ko) :한국재난정보학회논문집
Volume : 22
No :3
Pages :862-872
DOI :https://doi.org/10.15683/kosdi.2026.9.30.862

[1] Achakji, G.Y., Tamura, G.T. (1988). “Pressure drop characteristics of typical stairshafts in high-rise buildings.” ASHRAE Transactions, Vol. 94, No.1, pp. 1223-1237.

[2] British Standards Institution (2022). Smoke and Heat Control Systems Specification for Pressure Differential Systems. BS EN 12101-6:2022, British Standards Institution, London, UK.

[3] Klote, J.H. (1993). “Design of smoke control systems for areas of refuge.” ASHRAE Transactions, Vol. 99, No.2, pp. 793-807.

[4] Klote, J.H., Milke, J.A., Turnbull, P.G., Kashef, A., Ferreira, M.J. (2012). Handbook of Smoke Control Engineering. ASHRAE, Atlanta, GA, USA.

[5] Korean Agency for Technology and Standards (2023). KS F 2806 Standard test methods for checking floor-hinges and door-closers, Korean Standards Association, Seoul, Republic of Korea.

[6] Korean Agency for Technology and Standards (2023). KS F 4505: Door Closers, Korean Standards Association, Seoul, Republic of Korea.

[7] Lee J.O., Choi, C.S. (2012). “Study on the analysis of differential pressure of the access door for a smoke control zone and the effectiveness of the measurement criteria of its opening force.” Journal of Korean Institute of Fire Science & Engineering, Vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 24-30. 10.7731/KIFSE.2012.26.4.024

[8] Lee, J.O., Choi, C.S. (2013). “Study on the assessment of the criteria on a door closer for the optimum design of the access door of a smoke control zone.” Journal of Korean Institute of Fire Science & Engineering, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp. 66-71. 10.7731/KIFSE.2013.27.3.066

[9] Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (2024). Regulation on the Standards for Evacuation and Fire-Resistant Construction of Buildings, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport, Sejong, Republic of Korea.

[10] National Fire Protection Association (2024). Life Safety Code. NFPA 101, Quincy, MA, USA.

[11] National Fire Protection Association (2024). Standard for Smoke-Control Systems. NFPA 92, Quincy, MA, USA.

[12] National Fire Research Institute (2024). Fire Safety Standard for Smoke Control System in Stairwells and vestibules of Special Evacuation Staircases. NFTC 501A, National Fire Research Institute, Asan, Republic of Korea.

[13] Park, S.M., An, B.K., Kim, M.K. (2009). “Study for Pressurized Smoke Control System.” Proceedings of 2009 Spring Annual Korean Institute of Fire Science & Engineering, Busan, Republic of Korea, pp. 118-124.

[14] Spanish Association for Standardization (2022). Smoke and Heat Control Systems - Part 13: Pressure Differential Systems (PDS) - Design and Calculation Methods, Installation, Acceptance Testing, Routine Testing and Maintenance. UNE-EN 12101-13:2022, Asociación Española de Normalización (UNE), Madrid, Spain.

Journal of the Society of Disaster Information ISSN:1976-2208(Print) 2671-5287(Online) 한국재난정보학회논문집

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