Comparison of Domestic and International Regulations and Research Trends Related to Metal Fire Extinguishing

doi:10.15683/kosdi.2026.9.30.771

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2026 Vol.22, Issue 3 Preview Page Next Page

Original Article

Comparison of Domestic and International Regulations and Research Trends Related to Metal Fire Extinguishing 금속화재 소화 관련 국내·외 법령 및 연구 동향 비교: 박유미¹ㆍ양지현²ㆍ권진석³*
YuMi Park¹, JiHyun Yang², JinSuk Kwon³*; ¹Researcher, Fire Prevention Research Division, National Fire Research Institute, Gongju, Republic of Korea
²Assistant Researcher, Railload Test, Inspection & Certification Division, Korea Railroad Research Institute, Uiwang, Republic of Korea
³Researcher Officer, Fire Prevention Research Division, National Fire Research Institute, Gongju, Republic of Korea

30 September 2026. pp. 771-782

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Abstract

Purpose: This study examined the limitations of domestic standards and the need for performance-based criteria for portable extinguishing agents used in metal fire suppression. Method: Domestic and international regulations and technical standards for Class D fire extinguishers and portable extinguishing agents were compared and analyzed. In addition, Domestic and international research trends were examined, focusing on the problems of metal fires, verification of the extinguishing performance of existing firefighting means, and the development of new agent and response method. Result: In Korea, technical standards for the type approval and product inspection of Class D fire extinguishers have been introduced. However, quantitative criteria for portable extinguishing agents reflecting metal type and form, appropriate amount of fire extinguishing agent, and extinguishing duration remain. Internationally, broader comparative and verification studies have been conducted under various metal conditions and fire extinguishing agent configurations, although such criteria are still not fully established. Conclusion: A performance-based evaluation system and application criteria for portable extinguishing agents should be established to improve the effectiveness and reliability of metal fire response.

Keywords

Metal Fire

Portable Fire Extinguishing

Metal Fire Extinguishing

Regulation

Performance-based Criteria

연구목적: 금속화재 소화 관련 D급 소화기 및 간이소화용구의 국내·외 법령 및 연구 동향을 비교·분석함으로써 국내 기준의 한계와 간이소화용구 관련 성능기반 기준 마련의 필요성을 도출하고자 하였다. 연구방법: D급 소화기 및 간이소화용구의 국내·외 법령과 기술기준을 비교·분석하였다. 더 나아가 국내·외 연구는 금속화재의 문제점 및 이슈, 기존 소화 수단의 소화 성능 검증, 새로운 약제 및 대응 방법의 개발 중심으로 연구 동향을 고찰하였다. 연구결과: 국내는 D급 소화기의 형식승인 및 제품검사 기술기준을 도입하였으나, 간이소화용구에 대한 금속 종류 및 형태, 적정 투입량 등을 반영한 정량적 평가기준이 미비한 것으로 나타났다. 반면 국외는 다양한 금속 조건과 약제 구성을 반영한 소화 성능 비교·검증 연구가 보다 폭넓게 수행되고 있으나, 간이소화용구에 대한 정량적 성능 기준은 아직 충분히 확립되지 않은 것으로 분석되었다. 결론: 금속화재 대응의 실효성과 신뢰성 확보를 위해서는 간이소화용구에 대해서도 성능기반 평가체계 및 적용 기준 마련이 필요하다.

키워드

금속화재

간이소화용구

금속화재용 소화기

법령

성능기반 평가체계

References

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Fire and Disaster Management Agency (2016). Manuals for Safety Measures such as Magnesium. Japan.
Hagauer, J., Matlschweiger, U., Tippereither, C., Lutz, M., Hribernig, T., Lackner, M. (2024). “Controlling metal fires through cellulose flake blanketing followed by water spray cooling.” Fire, Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 83.
Huang, A.C., Cao. F.C, Ma, X.Y. (2024a). “A comparative approach study on the thermal and calorimetric analysis of fire-extinguishing powders.” Safety, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 31.
Huang, A.C., Ma, X.Y., Cao, F.C.,Cuo, G.S, Huang. C.F, Shu, C.M. (2024b). “Fire suppression efficiency improvement and comparative analysis of flake black lead composite.” Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, Vol. 149, No. 22, pp. 13397-13406.
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Ji, S. Y., Li, W., Zhang, Y., Zhang, T., Du, J., Zhang, H, Shi, B. (2025). “A novel dual phase-change composite fire extinguishing powder for extinguishing of flaming and smoldering combustion in magnesium fires on non-horizontal surfaces.” Fire Technology, Vol. 61, No.5, pp. 3165-3190. 10.1007/s10694-025-01720-2
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Information

Publisher :The Korean Society of Disaster Information
Publisher(Ko) :한국재난정보학회
Journal Title :Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
Journal Title(Ko) :한국재난정보학회논문집
Volume : 22
No :3
Pages :771-782
DOI :https://doi.org/10.15683/kosdi.2026.9.30.771

[1] Cao, F., Ma, X.Y., Li, Q.R., Tang, Y., Dong, X.L., Huang, A.C. (2024). “Investigating the efficacy of expanded graphite/NaCl composite powder as an extinguishing agent for metal combustion suppression.” Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, Vol. 87, 105249 10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105249

[2] Deutsche Gesetzliche Unfallversicherung e.V. (2020), DGUV Information 209-090 Activities Relating to Magnesium. Berlin, Germany.

[3] Fire and Disaster Management Agency (2016). Manuals for Safety Measures such as Magnesium. Japan.

[4] Hagauer, J., Matlschweiger, U., Tippereither, C., Lutz, M., Hribernig, T., Lackner, M. (2024). “Controlling metal fires through cellulose flake blanketing followed by water spray cooling.” Fire, Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 83.

[5] Huang, A.C., Cao. F.C, Ma, X.Y. (2024a). “A comparative approach study on the thermal and calorimetric analysis of fire-extinguishing powders.” Safety, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 31.

[6] Huang, A.C., Ma, X.Y., Cao, F.C.,Cuo, G.S, Huang. C.F, Shu, C.M. (2024b). “Fire suppression efficiency improvement and comparative analysis of flake black lead composite.” Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, Vol. 149, No. 22, pp. 13397-13406.

[7] International Organization for Standardization (2017). ISO 7165: Fire Fighting - Portable Fire Extinguishers - Performance and Construction. Geneva, Switzerland.

[8] Ji, S. Y., Li, W., Zhang, Y., Zhang, T., Du, J., Zhang, H, Shi, B. (2025). “A novel dual phase-change composite fire extinguishing powder for extinguishing of flaming and smoldering combustion in magnesium fires on non-horizontal surfaces.” Fire Technology, Vol. 61, No.5, pp. 3165-3190. 10.1007/s10694-025-01720-2

[9] Kostka, S. (2023). “Laboratory-scale testing of titanium powder fire extinguishment using water.” Fire Safety Journal, Vol. 141, 103664. 10.1016/j.firesaf.2023.103964

[10] Kovalyshyn, V.V., Marych, V.M., Kyryliv, Y., Koshelenko, V., Mirus, O. (2016). “Research of the chemicals usable in fire extinguishing powder for light metal fires extinguish.” Fire Safety, Vol. 29, pp. 46-56.

[11] Kwon, J.S., Kim, S.Y., Kim, T.S., Park, T.H., Kim, T.D., Park, M.Y. (2023). “Effectiveness analysis of fire extinguishing agent for metal waste fires.” Journal of the Society of Disaster Information, Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 644-655. 10.15683/KOSDI.2023.9.30.644

[12] Lee, E.P. (2020a). “Analysis of metal fire problems and corresponding safety measures.” Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 79-87. 10.9798/KOSHAM.2020.20.2.79

[13] Lee, E.P. (2020b). “Analysis of the problems and safety measures of magnesium fires.” Journal of the Korea Society of Hazard Mitigation, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 95-104. 10.9798/KOSHAM.2020.20.2.95

[14] Ma, X.Y., Cao, F.C., Zhou, H.L., Liu, Y.C, Tang, Y., Kang, Q.C., Shu, Z.J., Dong,X.L.,Huang, A.C. (2023). “Experimental investigation of the performance of modified expanded graphite powder doped with zinc borate in extinguishing sodium fires.” Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, Vol. 84, 105110. 10.1016/j.jlp.2023.105110

[15] Meng, F., Luo. Z., Yu, Y., Wang, T., Su, B., Yuan, C., Li, G., Hou, X. (2024). “Multiple effects of high efficiency solid inertants on fire hazard of the accumulated Mg dust layer.” Energy, Vol. 313, 133807. 10.1016/j.energy.2024.133807

[16] Nam, K.H., Lee, J.K. (2021). “A Measure on the use of metal fire extinguisher for effective early extinguishment of magnesium fire.” Journal of the Korean Society of Industry Convergence, Vol. 24, No. 6, pp. 795-800.

[17] National Fire Agency (2022). National Fire Technical Code 101(NFTC 101). Republic of Korea.

[18] National Fire Agency (2024). Enforcement Decree of the Act on the Safety Control of Hazardous Substances. Republic of Korea.

[19] National Fire Agency (2024). Technical Standard for Type Approval and Product Inspection of Fire Extinguishers. Republic of Korea.

[20] National Fire Agency (2025). Fire Statistics Annual Report, National Fire Data System. Republic of Korea.

[21] National Fire Agency (2025). Standard Operating Procedure of Disaster Site (SOP 221). Republic of Korea.

[22] National Fire Protection Association (2019). Standard for Combustible Metlas(NFPA 484). National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA, USA (NFPA).

[23] Occupational Safety and Health Administration (2018). OSHA 29 CFR 1910.157: Portable Fire Extinguishers. USA.

[24] Park, T.H., Kim, T.S., Yang, J.H., Kwon, J.S. (2024). “A study domestic metal waste countermeasures against metal fires.” Fire Science and Engineering, Vol. 38, No. 4, pp. 20-28. 10.7731/KIFSE.7533c974

[25] Qin, X., Wei, L., Wang, X., Hu, J. (2024). “Research on the inhibition effect of NaCl on the explosion of Mg–Al alloy powder.” ACS Omega, Vol. 9, No. 8, pp. 9221-9230. 10.1021/acsomega.3c08242 38405477 PMC10882612

[26] Sin, J.H., Lee, J.S., Park, J.H., Park, H.J. (2021). “Challenges and solution for combustible metal fire using statistice analysis.” Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation.

[27] Underwriters Laboratories. UL 711: Standard for Rating and Fire Testing of Fire Extinguishers. Underwriters Laboratories, Northbrook, IL, USA.

[28] Wang, F., Wan, L., Li, W., Yan, L., Liu, H., Xu, Z., Xiao, Q. (2024). “Fire extinction behavior of fly ash with different gas driving pressures on metal magnesium fires based on pneumatic conveying equipment.” Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, Vol. 61, 104612. 10.1016/j.csite.2024.104612

Journal of the Society of Disaster Information ISSN:1976-2208(Print) 2671-5287(Online) 한국재난정보학회논문집

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