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Purpose: Due to the rapid increase in the use of eco-friendly alternative fuel vehicles such as hydrogen cars, fire safety in road tunnels is seriously compromised. Therefore, the development of an international “fire safety standard basis” for tunnel fire safety is urgently needed to ensure the safety of life in the event of a fire in ultra-long road tunnels such as road and sea tunnels. Method: This paper quantitatively constructs an event tree showing the probability of an accident occurring in relation to a fire caused by a hydrogen leak following the opening of the TPRD according to a hydrogen car accident scenario in an ultra-long road tunnel. The event occurrence probability for each scenario was analyzed. In addition, through a “simple demonstration experiment,” the effects of radiant heat, overpressure, and the damage distance and severity of burns due to overpressure were analyzed using ToolL, a structural damage and fire simulation tool, through a “simple demonstration experiment.” Next, the possibility of evacuation was analyzed by measuring changes in smoke concentration and the temperature within the tunnel according to changes in time and the operation of the ventilation system. Results: First, in the event tree risk map showing the probability of a hydrogen car accident in a road tunnel according to an accident scenario, the VCE and general explosion probability, which are predicted to have the highest risk, were analyzed to be 2.63%. Next, as a result of conducting a simple demonstration experiment, it was shown that the surface of the test specimen was damaged and peeled off up to a depth of 5-7 cm due to the radiant heat and high pressure generated by the hydrogen gas jet flame when the distance from the tunnel wall was less than 2 m. In addition, the results of the radiant heat impact assessment of the jet fire showed that at 4 kW/m2 of radiant heat and a separation distance of 4 m, the fatality rate (third-degree burns) was 1.6%, second-degree burns 1.5%, and first-degree burns 81.4%. In addition, the results of the VCE impact assessment according to overpressure showed that when the overpressure was 70 kPa, the impact distance was 8 m, eardrum rupture 82%, and structural damage 100%. Next, in terms of the smoke risk results, in the case of ventilation system failure and one-way air supply in the event of a 40MW fire, the risk index evaluation results were analyzed as unsuitable, and in the case of two-way air supply in the event of a 40MW fire, the risk index evaluation results were analyzed as suitable. Conclusion: Based on these research results, a new WG centered around ISO TC 92 (Fire safety) is being formed in Korea to spur full-scale standard technology development. It is expected that this will serve as a cornerstone for continuous research and development to establish a fire safety standard technology base for road tunnels for eco-friendly vehicles.
연구목적: 현재 수소차 등 친환경 대체 연료 차량의 사용급증에 따라 도로 터널에서의 화재 안전성이 심각히 저해됨을 인식하고, 도로 및 해상 터널 등의 초장대 도로 터널의 화재 발생 시 인명 안전을 위해 터널 내 화재 안전과 관련한 국제적인 “화재 안전 표준 기반” 개발이 절실히 필요하다. 연구방법: 본 논문은 초장대 도로 터널에서 수소차의 사고시나리오에 따른 TPRD 개방에 따른 수소 누출시 화재 발생과 관련하여 사고 발생 확률을 보여주는 이벤트 트리를 정량적으로 구성하여 각 시나리오별 사건발생 확률을 분석하였고, “간이 실증 실험”을 통하여 구조물의 손상 및 화재시뮬레이션 TooL을 사용하여 복사열의 영향, 과압 및 그리고 과압에 따른 피해 거리 및 화상의 정도를 분석하였다. 다음으로는 제연 위험성으로 시간 변화와 환기장치 작동 여부에 따른 연기의 농도 변화 및 터널 내 온도를 측정하여 피난가능성을 분석하였다. 연구결과: 먼저 사고시나리오에 따른 도로 터널에서 수소 자동차 사고가 발생할 확률을 보여주는 이벤트 트리 위험도에서 위험성이 가장 높을 것으로 예측되는 VCE와 일반 폭발확률이 2.63%로 분석되었다. 다음으로 간이 실증 실험을 수행한 결과 터널 벽체와의 이격거리가 2m 이내에서 수소가스 제트 화염에 의해 발생하는 복사열과 높은 압력으로 인해 시험체의 표층면 파손과 더불어 최대 깊이 5∼7cm까지 박리됨을 볼 수 있었다. 또한 제트화재(Jetfire)의 복사열 영향 평가 결과로서 복사열 4kW/m2, 이격거리 4m에서 치명도(3도화상) 1.6%, 2도 화상 1.5%, 1도 화상은 81.4%로 나타났다. 그리고 과압에 따른 VCE 영향 평가 결과로써 과압 70kpa일 때 영향 거리 8m, 고막파열 82%, 구조물 파손은 100%로 분석되었다. 다음으로 제연 위험성 결과로서는 40MW 화재 발생시 환기시스템 고장 및 한 방향 급기가 이루어지는 경우는 위험도 인덱스에서의 평가결과 부적합으로 분석되었고, 40MW 화재발생시 양방향 급기가 되는 경우로서 위험도 인덱스에서의 평가결과 적합으로 분석되었다. 결론: 이와 같은 연구결과를 바탕으로 향후 국내에서도 ISO TC 92(Fire safety)를 중심으로 신규 WG를 결성하여 본격적인 표준 기술개발에 박차를 가하고 있는바 친환경 차량에 대한 도로 터널의 화재 안전 표준 기술 기반구축을 위한 지속적인 연구개발에 초석이 되기를 기대한다.
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- Publisher :The Korean Society of Disaster Information
- Publisher(Ko) :한국재난정보학회
- Journal Title :Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
- Journal Title(Ko) :한국재난정보학회논문집
- Volume : 21
- No :4
- Pages :1179-1194
- DOI :https://doi.org/10.15683/kosdi.2025.12.31.1179
Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
